Rewilding
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A Practical programmes translate evidence about rewilding into action. The discussion of rewilding notes that projects create room for rivers, grazing, predation or natural regeneration while monitoring effects on nearby communities. Their stated focus is process recovery. Teams working on rewilding compare later outcomes with conditions before implementation and record unintended effects. This evaluation of rewilding determines whether the original explanation involving trophic interaction remains useful outside the research setting. B For the present account of rewilding, rewilding aims to restore ecological processes, sometimes by reducing intensive management or returning missing animals. In restoration ecology, the term trophic cascade refers to a chain of ecological effects that moves through a food web. The definition gives researchers a common starting point for discussing rewilding, but it does not identify a cause by itself. Two observations of rewilding can share the label trophic cascade while differing in scale, timing or origin. C Knowledge of rewilding accumulated unevenly across landscapes where ecological processes have been reduced. A striking report could establish that a pattern existed, yet it could not show whether trophic interaction operated elsewhere. Researchers examining rewilding therefore moved toward shared definitions and planned comparisons based on camera traps rather than discarding the earlier record. D Researchers rely chiefly on camera traps to investigate rewilding. Research on rewilding has found that cameras, vegetation plots and movement data reveal changes in animals and habitat without assuming that one species represents the whole system. They decide their comparison, exclusions and outcome measures for rewilding in advance. A result about rewilding is treated as stronger when it survives more than one source of evidence, not simply when one instrument measuring rewilding reports many decimal places. E The evidence about rewilding is informative but conditional. One point relevant to rewilding is that some projects increase habitat variety and animal activity, but outcomes depend strongly on starting conditions and surrounding land use. Researchers test trophic interaction as an explanation. Evidence reviewed for rewilding shows that changes in one population can alter feeding relationships and then affect vegetation or other animals. Confidence in trophic interaction rises when independent measures of rewilding agree and rival explanations fail, rather than when a single comparison happens to be statistically precise. F Interpretation of rewilding must stop short of a universal claim. For the present account of rewilding, the term covers very different projects, and removing management can create conflict or fail to restore a missing process. Future work on rewilding is organised around shared outcome measures. For future research on rewilding, shared outcome measures will allow projects with different methods to be compared without forcing them into one model. This use of shared outcome measures targets a specific uncertainty about rewilding rather than merely increasing the volume of data.