Plant Signalling
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A Knowledge of plant signalling accumulated unevenly across roots, leaves and neighbouring plants. A striking report could establish that a pattern existed, yet it could not show whether chemical signalling operated elsewhere. Researchers examining plant signalling therefore moved toward shared definitions and planned comparisons based on controlled exposure rather than discarding the earlier record. B For the present account of plant signalling, plants detect damage, light, water and chemicals and change growth or defence without possessing a nervous system. In plant biology, the term volatile compound refers to a chemical that readily enters the air. The definition gives researchers a common starting point for discussing plant signalling, but it does not identify a cause by itself. Two observations of plant signalling can share the label volatile compound while differing in scale, timing or origin. C The evidence about plant signalling is informative but conditional. One point relevant to plant signalling is that plants transmit signals within their bodies and sometimes influence neighbours, but popular claims of human-like conversation go beyond the evidence. Researchers test chemical signalling as an explanation. Evidence reviewed for plant signalling shows that molecules released or transported by a plant trigger a response in another tissue or organism. Confidence in chemical signalling rises when independent measures of plant signalling agree and rival explanations fail, rather than when a single comparison happens to be statistically precise. D Researchers rely chiefly on controlled exposure to investigate plant signalling. Research on plant signalling has found that researchers expose plants to defined cues and measure hormones, genes, growth and defence against untreated controls. They decide their comparison, exclusions and outcome measures for plant signalling in advance. A result about plant signalling is treated as stronger when it survives more than one source of evidence, not simply when one instrument measuring plant signalling reports many decimal places. E Practical programmes translate evidence about plant signalling into action. The discussion of plant signalling notes that agricultural research uses signalling pathways to improve stress response while avoiding unnecessary pesticide use. Their stated focus is crop defence. Teams working on plant signalling compare later outcomes with conditions before implementation and record unintended effects. This evaluation of plant signalling determines whether the original explanation involving chemical signalling remains useful outside the research setting. F Interpretation of plant signalling must stop short of a universal claim. For the present account of plant signalling, a neighbouring response may be caused by shared conditions rather than a message, and laboratory doses can be unrealistic. Future work on plant signalling is organised around field-scale experiments. For future research on plant signalling, field-scale experiments will test signalling among diverse plants under wind, insects and changing weather. This use of field-scale experiments targets a specific uncertainty about plant signalling rather than merely increasing the volume of data.