Peer Review
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A Decision-makers use evidence about peer review in a limited, testable way. One point relevant to peer review is that journals use guidance, specialist checks, transparent reports and post-publication correction. Work related to research quality is assessed alongside maintenance, access and possible side effects. In work on peer review, teams compare later outcomes with a stated baseline and continue monitoring after implementation. Evidence about peer review therefore informs a programme without replacing local expertise or continued measurement. B Work on peer review begins with a distinction between a name and an explanation. Evidence reviewed for peer review shows that experts evaluate manuscripts or proposals for validity, clarity, importance and fit before or after publication. Researchers use conflict of interest to mean a secondary interest that could improperly influence professional judgement. The term describes an important feature, although a study of peer review must still test which process produced it. C Reports from journals and research funding supplied the first clues about peer review. Because observers asked different questions, their records of peer review were difficult to compare directly. The historical evidence about peer review remained valuable after researchers recoded it, documented its limits and designed new studies using reviewer experiments to distinguish competing explanations. D To test claims about peer review, teams use reviewer experiments. The discussion of peer review notes that editors vary review procedures or compare ratings, revisions and later error detection across submissions. They document sampling conditions for peer review and compare the focal observations with a suitable reference for reviewer experiments. This design helps analysts ask whether the apparent change in peer review could instead reflect timing, selection or measurement error. E The better-controlled evidence for peer review is qualified. For the present account of peer review, peer review can improve reporting and catch problems, but agreement is limited and important errors may remain. Researchers interpret this pattern through distributed scrutiny. Research on peer review has found that several readers with different expertise examine claims that one editor cannot check alone. The mechanism is a proposed explanation for peer review, not a second name for the measured result. Alternative processes remain relevant wherever observations of peer review do not match predictions from distributed scrutiny. F The main qualification concerning peer review is practical as well as scientific. Evidence reviewed for peer review shows that prestige, identity and disciplinary preference can influence judgement, while reviewer labour is often invisible. To test the boundary of the result, researchers recommend review-process trials. To reduce the remaining uncertainty about peer review, review-process trials will compare practical reforms with outcomes beyond simple publication decisions. A narrower conclusion about peer review may sound less dramatic, but it gives decision-makers a clearer account of where the evidence applies.